Ecology of Downed Logs in the Hoh Rain Forest, Olympic National Park: Fungal and Bryophyte Communities and Nutrient Dynamics Associated with Fungal Sporocarps

Metadata:

• Identification_Information
• Data_Quality_Information
• Spatial_Data_Organization_Information
• Spatial_Reference_Information
• Entity_and_Attribute_Information
• Distribution_Information
• Metadata_Reference_Information

Identification_Information:

Citation:

Citation_Information:

Originator: David S. Lebo

Publication_Date: 1996

Title:

Ecology of Downed Logs in the Hoh Rain Forest, Olympic National Park: Fungal and Bryophyte Communities and Nutrient Dynamics Associated with Fungal Sporocarps

Edition: First

Publication_Information:

Publication_Place: Seattle, Washington

Publisher: University of Washington

Description:

Abstract:

The ecology of downed logs in the Hoh Rain Forest, Olympic National Park is examined. In particular, the diversity of fungal and bryophyte communities on downed logs, as well as nutrient dynamics associated with fungal sporocarps is described.

Purpose:

Specific objectives were to examine the following topics of interest: 1) Genus/species or other taxonomic groups of fungi producing sporocarps on fallen logs 2) Trends in the annual phenology (i.e. timing or succession) of fruiting body production by species on fallen logs 3) Total sporocarp biomass of all species per log 4) Concentration of elements in sporocarps 5)Rate of nitrogen export by species (kg ha-1 yr-1) 6) Potential effects of log species, decay class, and size (i.e. diameter) on species of fungi and fruiting body production 7) Species and percent cover of bryophytes and lichens on logs 8) Potential associations between fungi and bryophyte species.

Time_Period_of_Content:

Time_Period_Information:

Single_Date/Time:

Calendar_Date: 1996

Currentness_Reference: Publication date

Status:

Progress: Complete

Maintenance_and_Update_Frequency: None Planned

Spatial_Domain:

Description_of_Geographic_Extent:

Research was conducted in the Hoh rain forest in the Twin Creek Research Natural Area, Olympic National Park, Washington, USA

Bounding_Coordinates:

West_Bounding_Coordinate: -123.9

East_Bounding_Coordinate: -123.9

North_Bounding_Coordinate: 47.8

South_Bounding_Coordinate: 47.8

Keywords:

Theme:

Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: None

Theme_Keyword: bryophyte

Theme_Keyword: fungal sporocarps

Theme_Keyword: nutrient dynamics

Theme_Keyword: fruiting body production

Theme_Keyword: sporocarp biomass

Theme_Keyword: nitrogen export

Theme_Keyword: log decay

Theme_Keyword: lichens

Theme_Keyword: dead logs

Theme_Keyword: fungi

Place:

Place_Keyword_Thesaurus: None

Place_Keyword: USA

Place_Keyword: Washington

Place_Keyword: Olympic Peninsula

Place_Keyword: Twin Creek

Stratum:

Stratum_Keyword_Thesaurus: None

Temporal:

Temporal_Keyword_Thesaurus: None

Taxonomy:

Taxonomic_Keywords: Lichens

Taxonomic_Keywords: Fungi

Taxonomic_Keywords: Multiple Species

Taxonomic_Keywords: Bryophytes

Taxonomic_Coverage:

Specific_Taxonomic_Information:

General_Taxonomic_Coverage:

All fungi,sporocarps, bryophytes and lichens on fallen logs in the study area were identified to

Specific_Taxonomic_Information:

Genus: and species.

Access_Constraints: Must contact author for data.

Use_Constraints: Must site author if using data in published work.

Point_of_Contact:

Contact_Information:

Contact_Person_Primary:

Contact_Person: David S. Lebo

Contact_Address:

Address_Type: Mailing and Physical Address

Address: U.S. Forest Service

Address: Winema National Forest

Address: 2819 Dahlia Street

City: Klamath Falls

State_or_Province: OR

Postal_Code: 97601-7119

Country: USA

Contact_Voice_Telephone: (541) 885-4142

Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: (541) 884-2097

Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: dlebo@or.blm.gov

Security_Information:

Security_Classification_System: None

Security_Classification: Unclassified

Security_Handling_Description: None

Cross_Reference:

Citation_Information:

Originator: Edmonds, R.L. and

Originator: D.S. Lebo.

Publication_Date: 1998

Title:

Diversity, production, and nutrient dynamics of fungal sporocarps on logs in an old-growth temperate rain forest, Olympic National Park, Washington.

Series_Information:

Series_Name: Canadian Journal of Forest Research

Issue_Identification: Vol 28: pp. 665-673

Publication_Information:

Publication_Place: Ottowa

Publisher: National Research Council of Canada

Data_Quality_Information:

Lineage:

Methodology:

Methodology_Type: Field

Methodology_Identifier:

Methodology_Keyword_Thesaurus: None

Methodology_Keyword: vegetation sampling

Methodology_Keyword: decay class of logs

Methodology_Keyword: sporocarp analysis

Methodology_Keyword: bryophyte sampling

Methodology_Description:

Sampling of logs and sporocarps Six circular 0.1 hectare sample plots were located along a lower alluvial terrace adjacent to the Hoh River in the West Twin Creek watershed (inland approximately 100-250 meters distance from the river). Plots were located 100 meters apart from one another following an east-west transect. Plot boundaries were measured with a linear metric tape and flagged with bright colored ribbon for ease in future location. All downed logs in the plots were also tagged for future location. Diameter, decay class, and species of each log was noted. Diameters were recorded at both ends and at the mid- point of all logs. Decay classes of fallen boles are based on a system developed by R. Fogel, M. Ogawa, and J.M. Trappe (Silvester et al. 1982). Class and wood is intact and fine twigs on branches are still attached. Class II includes logs whose bark and heartwood are still intact, but the sapwood is softening and twigs are absent. Class III includes logs whose bark has loosened, sapwood has decayed but is still present, and the heartwood is still structurally sound. Class IV includes logs whose sapwood is partly to totally deteriorated and often sloughed off and the heartwood is no longer structurally sound. Class V includes those logs with wood largely fragmented, forming an ill-defined, elongate mound on the forest floor (Silvester et al. 1982). Further details of the decay classification system are provided by Franklin et al. (1981) and Sollins (1982). Not all logs could be identified to species because of their advanced state of decay. Additionally, intergrading of decay occurred among class III to IV logs and class IV to V logs, confounding decay Class was required for classifying a sizable number of logs in the plots exhibiting decay characteristics that disallowed placement squarely in one or the other class. Volume in m" was calculated for all logs using the Smalian rather than the Newton formula. The Smalian formula uses the basal area at the large and small end of the log to determine volume whereas the Newton formula additionally includes the basal area at the midpoint of the log length to determine volume (Harmon 1992). Using the Smalian formula, Volume = Length (Basal Area at Small End of Log + Basal Area at Large End of Log)/2. Species and DBH (diameter at breast height) for all standing live trees and snags on the plots were recorded for site mapping purposes and for stand structure analysis. Percent cover of surface types (e.g., bare log surface or moss-covered surface), bryophyte species, and lichen species was estimated using several (3-5) 1 mē subplots for each log. All fallen logs within the plots were checked every two weeks during the major sporocarp production time period tin the fall from mid-September to early-December) and in the lesser production time period occurring in the spring (from mid-April to late May). All annual sporocarps of fleshy fungi (stipe and cap) produced on downed logs within each of the 0.1 hectare plots were collected and sorted by genus for each log, placed in paper bags, and stored in an ice cooler to retard their decomposition for transport back to the University of Washington where they were placed in cold room storage at 5 degrees Celsius, Within 36 hours after collection, all sporocarps were examined and identified to Species Washington Botany Department and then ovendried for 4 days at 55 degrees Celsius. Bryophyte Sampling Percent cover of bare log surface and moss-covered log surface were estimated for each log and percent cover of bryophyte species was estimated using three-five 1 m2 subplots along the length of logs. Bryophyte mats on logs provide substrate for bryophilous fungi and aid in the accretion of organic matter substrate on the upper surfaces of class III and IV logs which may be beneficial to growth of certain fungi. Bryophyte mats on such logs may also impede growth and production of fungi by maintaining a persistently moisture-saturated environment that retards decomposition processes in logs.

Process_Step:

Process_Description:

Sporocarp Elemental Analysis Following drying, all sporocarps were weighed using a digitally instrumented metric scale to determine dry weight biomass within 0.001 gram for each species per log. Specimens were then placed in zipped-lock plastic bags for storage. All dried specimens eventually were ground using a 40 mesh screen in a Wiley mill. Specimens of the same species were combined into a composite sample for nutrient content analysis. Total nitrogen concentration and concentrations of other elements were determined for as many collected species of fungi for which there was a sufficient amount of dry weight biomass available for the lab analysis procedure (> 1 gram). A total of fifty-five samples > 1 gram were obtained (included were a few duplicate specimens for those species producing large amounts of sporocarp biomass such as Armillaria sp., Pholiota spp., and Naematoloma capnoides). The Kjeldahl digestion method (Bremner and Mulvaney 1982) and a Technicon Autoanalyzer were used for determination of percent total N and P in fungal sporocarps. A nitric acid digest (EPA Method 3050) and a Thermo Jarrell Ash ICP (Model 61e) were used to determine concentrations in micrograms per gram of 19 other elements (Al, As, B, Ba, Ca, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Mo, Na, Ni, P, Pb, Si, and Zn) Carbon was determined using a C analyzer. The Kjeldahl method is a wet oxidation procedure in which organic N in the sample under analysis is converted to NH4-N by digestion with concentrated H2SO4 containing substances that promote this conversion. Annual nitrogen export from sporocarps produced on respective logs (N mass g m-2 yr-1) was calculated by multiplying fruiting body biomass per genus or species by percent N content divided by the projected surface area of the log (mē) on which the sporocarp was produced. The total amount of fruiting body biomass and N contributed by each respective log within each plot was then calculated. Contributions from all logs within each plot were added to obtain the total sporocarp biomass and N contribution produced from each plot. Average biomass production and N contribution from all the sample plots were then calculated and expanded to arrive at an estimated annual rate per hectare for sporocarp biomass production and N export. For purposes of comparison of nutrient bioconcentration in fleshy fungi, all woody or perennial sporocarps were also collected from each log, identified to species, dried for 4 days at 55 degrees Celsius, and weighed to determine amount of biomass. Samples of large annual and perennial sporocarps (Fomitopsis pinicola, Ganoderma applanatum, Ganoderma oregonense, Heterobasidion annosum, and Phaeolus schweinitzii) were also analyzed for nutrient content using the Kjeldahl digestion method. Statistical Analysis Multifactorial analysis of variance (three-way and four- way ANOVA) was used to test for effects of log species, diameter, decay class, and surface area class on fungal fruiting body production. Because sample plots in the study were randomly located and species of logs in the forest stand are not equally distributed, equal numbers of observations for log species could not be recorded (Picea 7, Tsuga = 23, unknown = 17). The total number of logs in the sample plots was 47. Lack of balance (inequality in numbers of observations) is not a problem for one-way ANOVA, but does present a problem for multifactorial analysis in distinguishing the effects of the factors (i.e., predictor variables) on the response variable. Two valid statistical methods exit to impose balance on data with uneven sample sizes. One is to delete observations chosen at random from cells that have "extra" data and then analyze a balanced subset of the data (Shaw and Mitchell-Olds 1993). The drawback to this procedure is a loss of information since the analysis is only of a subset of the data. The other acceptable alternative for imbalanced data, provided that only a few observations are missing, is to fill in missing values with cell means estimated ("imputed") from the data (Shaw and Mitchell-Olds 1993). However, it is generally preferable to use computational methods available on statistical computing packages in SAS or SPSS that are specifically designed for unbalanced data (Shaw and Mitchell-Olds 1993). Unbalanced data sets can be categorized into four different types (Shaw and Mitchell-Olds 1993, Milliken and Johnson 1984). Methods for analyzing unbalanced data, Types I through IV, are available in SAS (Proc GLM, BMDP- P4V) (Freund et al. 1986). The Type III method applies to data in which all treatment combinations are observed but the number of observations per cell varies (i.e., an unbalanced data set). Type IV is used for unbalanced data sets with missing data (i.e., missing cells or observations).

Process_Date: Unknown

Process_Time: Unknown

Process_Contact:

Contact_Information:

Contact_Person_Primary:

Contact_Person: David S. Lebo

Contact_Address:

Address_Type: Mailing and Physical Address

Address: U.S. Forest Service

Address: Winema National Forest

Address: 2819 Dahlia Street

City: Klamath Falls

State_or_Province: OR

Postal_Code: 97601-7119

Country: USA

Contact_Voice_Telephone: (541) 885-4142

Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: (541) 884-2097

Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: dlebo@or.blm.gov

Distribution_Information:

Distributor:

Contact_Information:

Contact_Person_Primary:

Contact_Person: David S. Lebo

Contact_Address:

Address_Type: Mailing and Physical Address

Address: U.S. Forest Service

Address: Winema National Forest

Address: 2819 Dahlia Street

City: Klamath Falls

State_or_Province: OR

Postal_Code: 97601-7119

Country: USA

Contact_Voice_Telephone: (541) 885-4142

Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: (541) 884-2097

Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: dlebo@or.blm.gov

Resource_Description: thesis

Standard_Order_Process:

Non-digital_Form:

Request a copy of the thesis from interlibrary loan, or from the author.

Metadata_Reference_Information:

Metadata_Date: 19980728

Metadata_Contact:

Contact_Information:

Contact_Organization_Primary:

Contact_Organization: Olympic Natural Resources Center

Contact_Position: GIS Specialist

Contact_Address:

Address_Type: Mailing Address

Address: PO Box 1628

City: Forks

State_or_Province: WA

Postal_Code: 98331

Country: USA

Contact_Voice_Telephone: 360.374.3220 x258

Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 360.374.3336

Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: onrc@u.washington.edu

Hours_of_Service: M-F 8-5

Contact_Instructions: Email preferred

Metadata_Standard_Name:

Content Standards for National Biological Information Infrastructure Metadata

Metadata_Standard_Version:

NBII Draft of December 1995, Based FGDC of June 8, 1994

Metadata_Access_Constraints: None

Metadata_Use_Constraints: None

Metadata_Security_Information:

Metadata_Security_Classification_System: None

Metadata_Security_Classification: Unclassified

Metadata_Security_Handling_Description: None

">